Categories: BacteriaWater And HealthWater PurificationWell Water Treatment

“What is a CT Value?”: The (Simple) Math Behind Water Disinfection

Pictured: The top of a WellMate contact tank. Contact tanks are used to ensure proper contact time between water and a disinfectant.

Disinfection of your water is crucial to ensuring that your water is safe to drink and free of harmful bacteria and other organisms. The primary methods of disinfection chlorination, hydrogen peroxide injection, ozone, and UV light. All of these methods, however, require sufficient contact time between the water and the disinfectant.

Proper contact time must also be complemented by the correct dosage of a disinfectant; multiplying the concentration of your disinfectant by the time of contact with your water will give you a CT value. See the formula below for calculating CT when using chlorine:

CT = Concentration of free chlorine (C mg/L) * contact time (T Minutes)

where

Free chlorine = Concentration measured in milligrams per liter (mg/L)

Cutaway of a retention tank, used to increase contact time (click to enlarge)

Since different contaminants require different CT values for complete disinfection, it’s important that you find the right amounts of disinfectant and contact time needed to adequately disinfect your water. Note that higher concentrations of disinfectants are required when contact time is shorter; for this reason, longer contact times are preferable.

Now that you know how to calculate your CT value, consult the charts below to find out precisely what value you’ll need to disinfect your water based on its condition and its contaminants. Note that a 3 log removal means 99.9% removal rate, while a 4-log removal will remove 99.99% of viruses/bacteria.

U.S. EPA CT VALUES (mg/L x min) for the Inactivation of Giardia Cysts with Ozone at Different Temperatures and pH from 6 to 9. Temperature °C (°F)

Inactivation	0.5(32.1)	5(41)	10(50)	15(59)	20(68)	25(77)
0.5 log	0.48	0.32	0.23	0.16	0.12	0.08
1.0 log	0.97	0.63	0.48	0.32	0.24	0.16
1.5 log	1.50	0.95	0.72	0.48	0.36	0.24
2.0 log	1.90	1.30	0.95	0.63	0.48	0.32
2.5 log	2.40	1.60	1.20	0.79	0.60	0.40
3.0 log	2.90	1.90	1.40	0.95	0.72	0.48

CT Values for Inactivation of Viruses by Ozone Temperature, °C

Inactivation	<1	5	10	15	20	25
2‐ log	0.48	0.32	0.23	0.16	0.12	0.08
3‐ log	0.97	0.63	0.48	0.32	0.24	0.16
4‐ log	1.50	0.95	0.72	0.48	0.36	0.24

CT Values for 3‐log (99.9%) Inactivation of Giardia Cysts by Free Chlorine at Water Temperature 10.0 °C (50°F)

Free Residual, Mg/L	pH < 6.0	pH 6.5	pH 7.0	pH 7.5	pH 8.0	pH 8.5	pH < 9.0
< 0.4	73	88	104	125	149	177	209
0.6	75	90	107	128	153	183	218
0.8	78	92	110	131	158	189	226
1.0	79	94	112	134	162	195	234
1.2	80	95	114	137	168	200	240
1.4	82	98	116	140	170	206	247
1.6	83	99	119	144	174	211	253
1.8	88	101	122	147	179	215	259
2.0	87	104	124	150	182	221	265
2.2	89	105	127	153	186	225	271
2.4	90	107	129	157	190	230	276
2.6	92	110	131	160	194	234	281
2.8	93	111	134	163	197	239	287
3.0	95	113	137	166	201	243	292

Now you're ready to start disinfecting. Later this week we'll discuss the various disinfection methods and treatment systems available to homeowners. Until then, you can e-mail us at support@cleanwaterstore.com with any questions. Thanks for reading!

Gerry Bulfin

Gerry Bulfin is a licensed water treatment contractor and consultant based in Santa Cruz California and founder and owner of Clean Water Systems and Stores Inc. Gerry is a long time member of the National Ground Water Association, the American Water Works Association (AWWA) and the Water Quality Association (WQA).